Resources · 23

Prioritize vulnerabilities and verify remediation

Connect known exploitation, exposed assets, business impact and proof of a working fix.

· 9 min

Fictional cyber observatory with three trays separating advisories, inventory and remediation evidence, without people

What this guide helps achieve

  • Match alerts to assets
  • Rank actual urgency
  • Roll out safely
  • Verify and close

Quick check

  • Is the affected product and version actually deployed?
  • Is the asset reachable and business critical?
  • Is exploitation documented?
  • What protects the service before a patch?
  • Does a check confirm the problem is gone from the asset?

Step-by-step method

  1. 01

    Consolidate the inventory

    Map services, products, versions, environments, exposure and owners. A component advisory alone does not prove that a vulnerable instance is deployed.

    Deliverable: dated affected-asset list and uncertainties.

  2. 02

    Qualify the finding

    Compare the vendor advisory, CVE identifier, exploitation conditions and, where relevant, CISA’s catalog of known exploited vulnerabilities. Record when each source was checked.

    Deliverable: finding with primary references.

  3. 03

    Set a defensible priority

    Consider known exploitation, asset reachability, required privileges, data handled, service impact and available remediation. Assign an owner and context-specific deadline.

    Deliverable: reasoned priority decision.

  4. 04

    Prepare the change

    Map dependencies, change window, backup and rollback. If an update cannot be applied promptly, record the temporary control and its expiry.

    Deliverable: rollout plan and limited exception.

  5. 05

    Deploy and test

    Apply the vendor fix or mitigation using the approved process. Check the resulting version, business journey and integrations that may regress.

    Deliverable: deployment record and functional result.

  6. 06

    Verify closure

    Check the actual asset with a suitable method, find missed instances and revisit exceptions. Do not close a ticket because an update was merely scheduled.

    Deliverable: verification evidence and updated register.

Management indicators

IndicatorWhat it measuresFirst action
CoverageCritical assets with known versions and ownersComplete the inventory
DelayTime from qualification to verified fixRemove repeated bottlenecks
VerificationFixes retested on real assetsReopen closures without evidence
ExceptionsWaivers with control, owner and expiryClose expired exceptions

Common pitfalls

  • Ranking solely by a generic score without checking the asset
  • Assuming a KEV listing means the product exists in your estate
  • Deploying without testing service behaviour
  • Leaving compensating controls without a review date

Frequently asked questions

Must the highest-scored CVE always go first?

A score describes technical severity; known exploitation, exposure and local service impact guide your operational order.

What if no patch exists?

Follow vendor mitigations, reduce exposure where possible and document an owner, review date and residual risk.

When is the work closed?

After the version or mitigation has been verified on affected instances and critical functionality has been tested.

References: data, uses and limitations

Documentation reviewed on .

Vulnerability: three complementary viewsCVE · Identify. CVSS · Technical severity. EPSS · Probability. KEV · Known exploitation. Affected version and product. Score from 0.0 to 10.0. 30-day horizon. Official CISA catalogue. Local decision: exposure, impact, evidence and remediation checks.Vulnerability: three complementary viewsCVE · IdentifyAffected version and productCVSS · Technical severityScore from 0.0 to 10.0EPSS · Probability30-day horizonKEV · Known exploitationOfficial CISA catalogueLocal decision: exposure, impact, evidence and remediation checks
Vulnerability: three complementary views
References: data, uses and limitations
Source and purposeVerified data or benchmarkHow to use itLimitation to retain
FIRST · CVSS

Describe technical vulnerability severity using an explicit method and vector.

CVSS 4.0 scores run from 0.0 to 10.0. Base, Threat, Environmental and Supplemental metric groups serve different purposes. Retain the score version, vector and date. Compare it with the installed version, access paths and business consequences before ordering remediation.

Explore the method →

A high score is not evidence of exploitation; a low score does not mean a service has no risk.
FIRST · EPSS

Estimate exploitation probability for a published CVE.

The model looks ahead 30 days. Its score is a probability; its percentile ranks that score relative to other CVEs. Record the data date and distinguish probability from percentile. Add asset exposure and confirmed exploitation evidence.

Explore the method →

The model does not predict harm to your organisation. Low probability does not cancel a critical exposure.
CISA · Known Exploited Vulnerabilities

Identify vulnerabilities listed by CISA as known to be exploited.

The catalogue includes CVE, product, date added and required action. Its official repository also provides the data schema. Check applicability to your products and retain the access date. Review the requested action and vendor advisory before confirming remediation.

Explore the method →

Absence from the catalogue does not establish safety. Administrative deadlines in it are not automatically binding on every organisation.

CVSS, EPSS, KEV and VEX

Vulnerability prioritisation: four signals to connect to the asset

A vulnerability queue often mixes information answering different questions. CVSS describes technical severity, EPSS estimates a probability of observed exploitation, KEV records known exploitation and VEX carries a product applicability assertion. A local decision still needs the deployed version, access paths and consequences of exploitation.

These are documentary reference points. EPSS examples, situations and the VEX product are fictional; no current CVE score, real inventory or scan result is presented. This page calculates neither CVSS, organisational risk nor an automatic priority. Proposed evidence and decisions are a local editorial method.

Four distinct signals for a local decision
Four distinct signals for a local decision Four independent panels: CVSS describes severity; EPSS estimates observed exploitation within thirty days; KEV records known exploitation; VEX states declared applicability. Compare them with the deployed product and its context without adding them into one score. CVSS · Severity Metrics and vector Version and author EPSS · Probability Thirty-day horizon Separate date and rank KEV · Known exploitation Product and requested action Catalogue edition VEX · Applicability Issuer, product and time Status and justification Local decision: deployed asset, exposure, consequences, owner and evidence.

Four independent panels: CVSS describes severity; EPSS estimates observed exploitation within thirty days; KEV records known exploitation; VEX states declared applicability. Compare them with the deployed product and its context without adding them into one score.

Four questions and four kinds of information

Four questions and four kinds of information
SourceUseful questionWhat it cannot establish alone
CVSS 4.0What is the technical severity under the assessed metrics?The score proves neither exploitation nor consequences for your service.
EPSSWhat is the estimated probability of observing exploitation of this CVE in the next thirty days?It does not describe compromise of your instance, its controls or business loss.
CISA KEVIs the vulnerability listed as known to be exploited?Listing does not establish that the product exists in your estate; absence does not establish safety.
VEXWhat does an issuer assert about a vulnerability for identified products at a stated time?An assertion alone proves neither deployment of the relevant version nor issuer trustworthiness.

CVSS 4.0: preserve groups, vector and assessment author

A number from 0 to 10 loses meaning when its version, vector and assessed groups disappear. FIRST distinguishes CVSS-B, CVSS-BT, CVSS-BE and CVSS-BTE. Undefined Threat and Environmental metrics take default values rather than disappearing from the calculation.

CVSS 4.0: preserve groups, vector and assessment author
GroupRoleReading check
BaseIntrinsic vulnerability characteristics.A supplier’s CVSS-B is not your priority decision.
ThreatThreat characteristics that can change over time.Date the assessment and explain exploitation information used.
EnvironmentalCharacteristics specific to the consumer’s environment.State the controls and system importance considered rather than silently changing a score.
SupplementalAdditional context, such as Safety or Recovery.These metrics do not modify the final CVSS score; they may inform a separate local analysis.

EPSS: probability, percentile and missing data

FIRST describes a probability from 0 to 1, updated daily, over a thirty-day horizon. The percentile is a relative rank among currently scored vulnerabilities. Do not add probability and percentile or turn their pair into the probability of an attack on your organisation.

EPSS: probability, percentile and missing data
Fictional exampleProvided valuesCorrect reading
A probabilityProbability : 0.05 · Percentile : Unspecified0.05 means a 5% estimated probability of observed exploitation within the model horizon, rather than an estate compromise rate.
Probability and rankProbability : 0.02 · Percentile : 0.97In this fictional example 0.02 means 2%, while 0.97 places the score at the 97th percentile. The rank does not turn a 2% probability into 97%.
No received valueProbability : Unspecified · Percentile : UnspecifiedMissing data remains unknown; it is neither zero nor evidence of no exploitation. Record the failure or the date of the last available value.

Seven useful readings of the KEV schema

The official CISA repository schema describes the catalogue and its entries. The following selection helps retain consultation context rather than enumerate every field. Match each entry to the supplier advisory and actual asset.

Seven useful readings of the KEV schema
FieldsMeaningProposed check
catalogVersion / dateReleasedCatalogue version and publication time.Keep a reference to the consulted edition; distinguish publication time from your assessment time.
cveID / vendorProject / productIdentifier and product associated with the entry.Match name, version, distribution and embedded components before declaring an asset affected.
dateAddedDate the vulnerability entered the catalogue.Do not present it as the first exploitation date or CVE publication date.
requiredActionRequested action to address the vulnerability.Read the complete instruction and supplier references, then document local implementation.
dueDateCatalogue deadline for the requested action.Check the context and scope of the CISA instruction before adopting it as a local deadline.
knownRansomwareCampaignUseKnown indicates confirmed ransomware campaign use; Unknown means CISA lacks confirmation.Do not translate Unknown into never used or a definite false value.
cwesWeakness category codes associated with the entry.Use categories to group causes; they do not replace the CVE identifier or affected version.

Six fictional situations: what is missing before a decision?

High severity, product not located

An advisory reports high severity; the inventory cannot locate that version in the estate.

Confirm presence and version with the owner, including embedded dependencies.

Retain applicability unknown. Absence from an incomplete inventory does not justify closure.

Known exploitation, exposed instance

The vulnerability is listed as known to be exploited and an owner confirms an affected internet-accessible instance.

Review supplier actions and arrange exposure reduction and remediation suited to the service.

Name the owner, interim control and expected verification evidence; a severity score alone supplies none of this traceability.

Low probability, essential service

The fictional EPSS probability is low, but the affected instance supports an essential service.

Assess consequences and access paths before agreeing a change window.

Do not treat a low score as insurance; that instance’s controls are not contextual inputs to EPSS.

VEX for another version

The supplier declares version 2.4.0 not affected; the asset still runs 2.3.0.

Seek an assertion applicable to the installed version and verify its provenance.

Do not extend a conclusion across versions. A VEX document deploys no update.

Temporary control becomes permanent

A temporary rule reduces access; its review date has passed.

Check that it still protects the relevant path, then decide whether to maintain it or apply the fix.

Keep the owner, limits and a new review date. A perimeter control is not automatically an OpenVEX built-in product mitigation.

Patch announced, deployment unverified

A fixed release is available, but the ticket contains only a download link.

Check the version actually deployed, remaining instances and critical functionality.

Close on implementation and verification evidence, rather than the supplier’s availability of a patch.

Eight records for a traceable remediation decision

  • Product, version or build, environment and asset owner.
  • Vulnerability identifier, supplier advisory and relevant exploitation conditions.
  • CVSS version, vector, metric-group nomenclature and assessment author.
  • EPSS date, probability and percentile in separate fields, or an explicit missing value.
  • Dated KEV status, requested action and consulted catalogue edition.
  • Applicable VEX assertion: issuer, product, version, time and any justification.
  • Reasoned local decision, interim control, owner and review date.
  • Deployment or mitigation evidence, verification result and remaining limits.

Read VEX statuses and applicability conditions →

Primary sources and scope

Sources checked on

Build signatures and provenance

Verify patch origin and then its application

A fixed version needs connecting to the received package and updated instance. Provenance verification helps establish expected origin; remediation confirmation still requires checking the active version and relevant behaviour.

  • Keep the accepted patch digest and signature/provenance verification results.
  • Match that package to the version actually deployed on each targeted instance.
  • Do not close on authenticity alone: document remediation checks, regressions and remaining limits.

Read the pre-deployment provenance reference →

Sources checked on · SLSA 1.2 · Build: Verifying artifacts · SLSA 1.2 · Build: Provenance · SLSA 1.2 · Build: Track Basics · in-toto · Statement v1 · Sigstore · Verifying Signatures

Explore the CISA KEV catalogue

KEV is CISA’s catalogue of vulnerabilities known to be exploited. This explorer contains a complete dated snapshot, not a live feed. A CVE or product-name match is a lead to compare with the exact deployed product and version; it does not prove that a visitor’s system is vulnerable or compromised.

Entry names, products, descriptions, required actions and links retain CISA’s language and values. Explanations are editorial. Entries may be added or corrected after this snapshot; consult the official source before an operational decision.

Entries
1769
Distinct vendor/project labels
291
Catalogue release date

Counters describe this snapshot only. They do not measure attack counts, vulnerability prevalence or an organisation’s risk. Distinct vendorProject labels are counted exactly as published, without merging aliases or treating them as distinct companies.

Unknown means CISA lacks confirmation of use in a ransomware campaign; it does not mean no exploitation. forensicTriage Yes/No is a separate field described by the schema with a reference to BOD 26-04. An absent field stays unreported. Neither No nor Unknown demonstrates that your asset has not been compromised.

dueDate is the deadline published in the CISA entry for the stated action. It is not a universal SLA, a patch release date or evidence that a patch was installed. The forensicTriage field alone cannot determine your obligations or define an investigation plan.

Six readings that prevent a misleading priority

Six readings that prevent a misleading priority
Published fieldUseful readingConclusion to avoid
cveIDJoin sources discussing the same vulnerability.The identifier year does not date KEV inclusion.
vendorProject · productFind the vendor advisory and local inventory.A product name does not replace affected versions and configurations.
dateAddedDate the entry’s inclusion in this catalogue.Do not call it discovery or first-exploitation date.
dueDate · requiredActionRead the published action and deadline together.Do not turn the date into a universal obligation or proof of remediation.
knownRansomwareCampaignUsePreserve Known, Unknown or an absent field.Unknown is not No and does not remove the known exploitation signal underlying KEV.
forensicTriage · cwesSeparate CISA’s indicator from published weakness classes.A CWE is not a specific product or score; No is not a certificate that no incident occurred.

Catalogue additions by year

Catalogue additions by yearEach bar counts entries retained in this snapshot by the year of dateAdded. It is not a discovery year or an exploitation frequency. The first year starts at this snapshot’s earliest entry and the release year is incomplete; these totals are not an annual attack trend.311202155520221872023186202424520252852026
Each bar counts entries retained in this snapshot by the year of dateAdded. It is not a discovery year or an exploitation frequency. The first year starts at this snapshot’s earliest entry and the release year is incomplete; these totals are not an annual attack trend.
Catalogue additions by year · dateAdded
Year addedEntries
2021311
2022555
2023187
2024186
2025245
2026285

Results : 1769 / 1769 · Page 35 / 71

Explore the CISA KEV catalogue · 2026.11.06
CVEVendor or project · productDate added / Entry due dateUse in ransomware campaigns / forensicTriage
CVE-2023-27350

CWE-284

PaperCut

MF/NG

Entry and action published by CISA

PaperCut MF/NG Improper Access Control Vulnerability

PaperCut MF/NG contains an improper access control vulnerability within the SetupCompleted class that allows authentication bypass and code execution in the context of system.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.papercut.com/kb/Main/PO-1216-and-PO-1219; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27350

www.papercut.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-28432

CWE-200

MinIO

MinIO

Entry and action published by CISA

MinIO Information Disclosure Vulnerability

MinIO contains a vulnerability in a cluster deployment where MinIO returns all environment variables, which allows for information disclosure.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://github.com/minio/minio/security/advisories/GHSA-6xvq-wj2x-3h3q; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28432

github.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2017-6742

CWE-119

Cisco

IOS and IOS XE Software

Entry and action published by CISA

Cisco IOS and IOS XE Software SNMP Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) subsystem of Cisco IOS and IOS XE contains a vulnerability that could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to remotely execute code on an affected system or cause an affected system to reload.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20170629-snmp; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6742

sec.cloudapps.cisco.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2019-8526

CWE-416

Apple

macOS

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple macOS Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Apple macOS contains a use-after-free vulnerability that could allow for privilege escalation.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209600; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8526

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-2033

CWE-843

Google

Chromium V8

Entry and action published by CISA

Google Chromium V8 Type Confusion Vulnerability

Google Chromium V8 Engine contains a type confusion vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. This vulnerability could affect multiple web browsers that utilize Chromium, including, but not limited to, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Opera.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2023/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_14.html; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2033

chromereleases.googleblog.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-20963

CWE-295

Android

Framework

Entry and action published by CISA

Android Framework Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Android Framework contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation after updating an app to a higher Target SDK with no additional execution privileges needed.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2023-03-01; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20963

source.android.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-29492

CWE-94

Novi Survey

Novi Survey

Entry and action published by CISA

Novi Survey Insecure Deserialization Vulnerability

Novi Survey contains an insecure deserialization vulnerability that allows remote attackers to execute code on the server in the context of the service account.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://novisurvey.net/blog/novi-survey-security-advisory-apr-2023.aspx; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29492

novisurvey.net ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-28252

CWE-122

Microsoft

Windows

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Windows Common Log File System (CLFS) Driver Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Microsoft Windows Common Log File System (CLFS) driver contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2023-28252; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28252

msrc.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-28205

CWE-416

Apple

Multiple Products

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple Multiple Products WebKit Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Apple iOS, iPadOS, macOS, and Safari WebKit contain a use-after-free vulnerability that leads to code execution when processing maliciously crafted web content. This vulnerability could impact HTML parsers that use WebKit, including but not limited to Apple Safari and non-Apple products which rely on WebKit for HTML processing.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213720,https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213721,https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213722,https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213723; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28205

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-28206

CWE-787

Apple

iOS, iPadOS, and macOS

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple iOS, iPadOS, and macOS IOSurfaceAccelerator Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerability

Apple iOS, iPadOS, and macOS IOSurfaceAccelerator contain an out-of-bounds write vulnerability that allows an app to execute code with kernel privileges.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213720, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213721; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28206

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2019-1388

CWE-269

Microsoft

Windows

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Windows Certificate Dialog Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Microsoft Windows Certificate Dialog contains a privilege escalation vulnerability, allowing attackers to run processes in an elevated context.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2019-1388; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1388

portal.msrc.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-27876

CWE-287

Veritas

Backup Exec Agent

Entry and action published by CISA

Veritas Backup Exec Agent File Access Vulnerability

Veritas Backup Exec (BE) Agent contains a file access vulnerability that could allow an attacker to specially craft input parameters on a data management protocol command to access files on the BE Agent machine.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.veritas.com/support/en_US/security/VTS21-001; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27876

www.veritas.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-27877

CWE-287

Veritas

Backup Exec Agent

Entry and action published by CISA

Veritas Backup Exec Agent Improper Authentication Vulnerability

Veritas Backup Exec (BE) Agent contains an improper authentication vulnerability that could allow an attacker unauthorized access to the BE Agent via SHA authentication scheme.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.veritas.com/support/en_US/security/VTS21-001; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27877

www.veritas.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-27878

CWE-287

Veritas

Backup Exec Agent

Entry and action published by CISA

Veritas Backup Exec Agent Command Execution Vulnerability

Veritas Backup Exec (BE) Agent contains a command execution vulnerability that could allow an attacker to use a data management protocol command to execute a command on the BE Agent machine.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.veritas.com/support/en_US/security/VTS21-001; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27878

www.veritas.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-26083

CWE-401

Arm

Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Entry and action published by CISA

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Information Disclosure Vulnerability

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver contains an information disclosure vulnerability that allows a non-privileged user to make valid GPU processing operations that expose sensitive kernel metadata.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://developer.arm.com/Arm%20Security%20Center/Mali%20GPU%20Driver%20Vulnerabilities; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26083

developer.arm.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2022-27926

CWE-79, CWE-138

Synacor

Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS)

Entry and action published by CISA

Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability

Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) contains a cross-site scripting vulnerability by allowing an endpoint URL to accept parameters without sanitizing.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Security_Center; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27926

wiki.zimbra.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2013-3163

CWE-94

Microsoft

Internet Explorer

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability

Microsoft Internet Explorer contains a memory corruption vulnerability that allows remote attackers to execute code or cause a denial of service via a crafted website.

requiredAction
The impacted product is end-of-life and should be disconnected if still in use.
notes
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2013/ms13-055; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-3163

learn.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2017-7494

CWE-94

Samba

Samba

Entry and action published by CISA

Samba Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Samba contains a remote code execution vulnerability, allowing a malicious client to upload a shared library to a writable share and then cause the server to load and execute it.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.samba.org/samba/security/CVE-2017-7494.html; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-7494

www.samba.org ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-30900

CWE-20, CWE-787

Apple

iOS, iPadOS, and macOS

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple iOS, iPadOS, and macOS Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerability

Apple GPU drivers, included in iOS, iPadOS, and macOS, contain an out-of-bounds write vulnerability that may allow a malicious application to execute code with kernel privileges.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT21286, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212868, https://support.apple.com/kb/HT212872; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30900

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2022-22706

CWE-119

Arm

Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Entry and action published by CISA

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Unspecified Vulnerability

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows a non-privileged user to achieve write access to read-only memory pages.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://developer.arm.com/Arm%20Security%20Center/Mali%20GPU%20Driver%20Vulnerabilities; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22706

developer.arm.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2022-3038

CWE-416

Google

Chromium Network Service

Entry and action published by CISA

Google Chromium Network Service Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Google Chromium Network Service contains a use-after-free vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. This vulnerability could affect multiple web browsers that utilize Chromium, including, but not limited to, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Opera.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2022/08/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_30.html; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3038

chromereleases.googleblog.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2022-38181

CWE-416

Arm

Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Entry and action published by CISA

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability that may allow a non-privileged user to gain root privilege and/or disclose information.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://developer.arm.com/Arm%20Security%20Center/Mali%20GPU%20Driver%20Vulnerabilities; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38181

developer.arm.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2022-39197

CWE-20, CWE-79

Fortra

Cobalt Strike

Entry and action published by CISA

Fortra Cobalt Strike Teamserver Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability

Fortra Cobalt Strike contains a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Teamserver that would allow an attacker to set a malformed username in the Beacon configuration, allowing them to execute code remotely.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.cobaltstrike.com/blog/out-of-band-update-cobalt-strike-4-7-1/; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39197

www.cobaltstrike.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2022-42948

CWE-79, CWE-116

Fortra

Cobalt Strike

Entry and action published by CISA

Fortra Cobalt Strike User Interface Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Fortra Cobalt Strike User Interface contains an unspecified vulnerability rooted in Java Swing that may allow remote code execution.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.cobaltstrike.com/blog/out-of-band-update-cobalt-strike-4-7-2/; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42948

www.cobaltstrike.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-0266

CWE-416

Linux

Kernel

Entry and action published by CISA

Linux Kernel Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Linux kernel contains a use-after-free vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation to gain ring0 access from the system user.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/stable-queue.git/tree/queue-5.10/alsa-pcm-move-rwsem-lock-inside-snd_ctl_elem_read-to-prevent-uaf.patch?id=72783cf35e6c55bca84c4bb7b776c58152856fd4; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0266

git.kernel.org ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No

An old identifier can enter the catalogue recently

CVE-2015-5477, associated with ISC BIND in this snapshot, has identifier year 2015 and dateAdded 8 October 2026. These dates answer different questions. The entry calls for following vendor instructions; it does not establish your BIND version, exposure or installation of a fix.

From a public signal to a documented decision

  1. Qualify the match

    Keep the CVE, source and date, then establish product, version, embedded component and exposure. An SBOM may locate a component without proving its runtime condition.

  2. Read the action at its source

    Open the vendor advisory and updates. Separate updating, mitigation, discontinuing a product and searching for compromise evidence; a patch does not replace these other decisions.

  3. Document the change

    Assign an owner, prepare rollback and verify dependencies. A mitigation remains a scoped measure with an explicit validity period.

  4. Verify the resulting state

    Retain an observed version, checked configuration and service test. Closing a task needs evidence concerning the actual asset, beyond a console status.

Source release : · Documentary review :

CISA KEV data reused under CC0 1.0. Reuse implies no CISA affiliation or endorsement and grants no right to use the CISA logo or DHS seal.

Reference details · CISA KEV

How we publish this official snapshot

The copy is identified by its catalogue version, dateReleased, official mirror commit and source-file digest. CISA publication, GitHub synchronisation and our review are distinct events. Aggregates are computed from the retained entries; no visitor inventory collection or vulnerability scan takes place.

catalogVersion
2026.11.06
dateReleased
GitHub commit
e5b3a9b25050a8da26c96266c5bfe438ee0bdebc ·
SHA-256
47e0406b2be5a40420eff66f3d90e83eb8883dae6ff4d08e1b2a942c366f6cc2

Counters describe this snapshot only. They do not measure attack counts, vulnerability prevalence or an organisation’s risk. Distinct vendorProject labels are counted exactly as published, without merging aliases or treating them as distinct companies.

Explore the catalogue and method →

Source release : · Documentary review :

CISA KEV data reused under CC0 1.0. Reuse implies no CISA affiliation or endorsement and grants no right to use the CISA logo or DHS seal.

Official references

References consulted: . The method and worksheet propose checks to adapt to your context; they do not constitute certification.