Resources · 23

Prioritize vulnerabilities and verify remediation

Connect known exploitation, exposed assets, business impact and proof of a working fix.

· 9 min

Fictional cyber observatory with three trays separating advisories, inventory and remediation evidence, without people

What this guide helps achieve

  • Match alerts to assets
  • Rank actual urgency
  • Roll out safely
  • Verify and close

Quick check

  • Is the affected product and version actually deployed?
  • Is the asset reachable and business critical?
  • Is exploitation documented?
  • What protects the service before a patch?
  • Does a check confirm the problem is gone from the asset?

Step-by-step method

  1. 01

    Consolidate the inventory

    Map services, products, versions, environments, exposure and owners. A component advisory alone does not prove that a vulnerable instance is deployed.

    Deliverable: dated affected-asset list and uncertainties.

  2. 02

    Qualify the finding

    Compare the vendor advisory, CVE identifier, exploitation conditions and, where relevant, CISA’s catalog of known exploited vulnerabilities. Record when each source was checked.

    Deliverable: finding with primary references.

  3. 03

    Set a defensible priority

    Consider known exploitation, asset reachability, required privileges, data handled, service impact and available remediation. Assign an owner and context-specific deadline.

    Deliverable: reasoned priority decision.

  4. 04

    Prepare the change

    Map dependencies, change window, backup and rollback. If an update cannot be applied promptly, record the temporary control and its expiry.

    Deliverable: rollout plan and limited exception.

  5. 05

    Deploy and test

    Apply the vendor fix or mitigation using the approved process. Check the resulting version, business journey and integrations that may regress.

    Deliverable: deployment record and functional result.

  6. 06

    Verify closure

    Check the actual asset with a suitable method, find missed instances and revisit exceptions. Do not close a ticket because an update was merely scheduled.

    Deliverable: verification evidence and updated register.

Management indicators

IndicatorWhat it measuresFirst action
CoverageCritical assets with known versions and ownersComplete the inventory
DelayTime from qualification to verified fixRemove repeated bottlenecks
VerificationFixes retested on real assetsReopen closures without evidence
ExceptionsWaivers with control, owner and expiryClose expired exceptions

Common pitfalls

  • Ranking solely by a generic score without checking the asset
  • Assuming a KEV listing means the product exists in your estate
  • Deploying without testing service behaviour
  • Leaving compensating controls without a review date

Frequently asked questions

Must the highest-scored CVE always go first?

A score describes technical severity; known exploitation, exposure and local service impact guide your operational order.

What if no patch exists?

Follow vendor mitigations, reduce exposure where possible and document an owner, review date and residual risk.

When is the work closed?

After the version or mitigation has been verified on affected instances and critical functionality has been tested.

References: data, uses and limitations

Documentation reviewed on .

Vulnerability: three complementary viewsCVE · Identify. CVSS · Technical severity. EPSS · Probability. KEV · Known exploitation. Affected version and product. Score from 0.0 to 10.0. 30-day horizon. Official CISA catalogue. Local decision: exposure, impact, evidence and remediation checks.Vulnerability: three complementary viewsCVE · IdentifyAffected version and productCVSS · Technical severityScore from 0.0 to 10.0EPSS · Probability30-day horizonKEV · Known exploitationOfficial CISA catalogueLocal decision: exposure, impact, evidence and remediation checks
Vulnerability: three complementary views
References: data, uses and limitations
Source and purposeVerified data or benchmarkHow to use itLimitation to retain
FIRST · CVSS

Describe technical vulnerability severity using an explicit method and vector.

CVSS 4.0 scores run from 0.0 to 10.0. Base, Threat, Environmental and Supplemental metric groups serve different purposes. Retain the score version, vector and date. Compare it with the installed version, access paths and business consequences before ordering remediation.

Explore the method →

A high score is not evidence of exploitation; a low score does not mean a service has no risk.
FIRST · EPSS

Estimate exploitation probability for a published CVE.

The model looks ahead 30 days. Its score is a probability; its percentile ranks that score relative to other CVEs. Record the data date and distinguish probability from percentile. Add asset exposure and confirmed exploitation evidence.

Explore the method →

The model does not predict harm to your organisation. Low probability does not cancel a critical exposure.
CISA · Known Exploited Vulnerabilities

Identify vulnerabilities listed by CISA as known to be exploited.

The catalogue includes CVE, product, date added and required action. Its official repository also provides the data schema. Check applicability to your products and retain the access date. Review the requested action and vendor advisory before confirming remediation.

Explore the method →

Absence from the catalogue does not establish safety. Administrative deadlines in it are not automatically binding on every organisation.

CVSS, EPSS, KEV and VEX

Vulnerability prioritisation: four signals to connect to the asset

A vulnerability queue often mixes information answering different questions. CVSS describes technical severity, EPSS estimates a probability of observed exploitation, KEV records known exploitation and VEX carries a product applicability assertion. A local decision still needs the deployed version, access paths and consequences of exploitation.

These are documentary reference points. EPSS examples, situations and the VEX product are fictional; no current CVE score, real inventory or scan result is presented. This page calculates neither CVSS, organisational risk nor an automatic priority. Proposed evidence and decisions are a local editorial method.

Four distinct signals for a local decision
Four distinct signals for a local decision Four independent panels: CVSS describes severity; EPSS estimates observed exploitation within thirty days; KEV records known exploitation; VEX states declared applicability. Compare them with the deployed product and its context without adding them into one score. CVSS · Severity Metrics and vector Version and author EPSS · Probability Thirty-day horizon Separate date and rank KEV · Known exploitation Product and requested action Catalogue edition VEX · Applicability Issuer, product and time Status and justification Local decision: deployed asset, exposure, consequences, owner and evidence.

Four independent panels: CVSS describes severity; EPSS estimates observed exploitation within thirty days; KEV records known exploitation; VEX states declared applicability. Compare them with the deployed product and its context without adding them into one score.

Four questions and four kinds of information

Four questions and four kinds of information
SourceUseful questionWhat it cannot establish alone
CVSS 4.0What is the technical severity under the assessed metrics?The score proves neither exploitation nor consequences for your service.
EPSSWhat is the estimated probability of observing exploitation of this CVE in the next thirty days?It does not describe compromise of your instance, its controls or business loss.
CISA KEVIs the vulnerability listed as known to be exploited?Listing does not establish that the product exists in your estate; absence does not establish safety.
VEXWhat does an issuer assert about a vulnerability for identified products at a stated time?An assertion alone proves neither deployment of the relevant version nor issuer trustworthiness.

CVSS 4.0: preserve groups, vector and assessment author

A number from 0 to 10 loses meaning when its version, vector and assessed groups disappear. FIRST distinguishes CVSS-B, CVSS-BT, CVSS-BE and CVSS-BTE. Undefined Threat and Environmental metrics take default values rather than disappearing from the calculation.

CVSS 4.0: preserve groups, vector and assessment author
GroupRoleReading check
BaseIntrinsic vulnerability characteristics.A supplier’s CVSS-B is not your priority decision.
ThreatThreat characteristics that can change over time.Date the assessment and explain exploitation information used.
EnvironmentalCharacteristics specific to the consumer’s environment.State the controls and system importance considered rather than silently changing a score.
SupplementalAdditional context, such as Safety or Recovery.These metrics do not modify the final CVSS score; they may inform a separate local analysis.

EPSS: probability, percentile and missing data

FIRST describes a probability from 0 to 1, updated daily, over a thirty-day horizon. The percentile is a relative rank among currently scored vulnerabilities. Do not add probability and percentile or turn their pair into the probability of an attack on your organisation.

EPSS: probability, percentile and missing data
Fictional exampleProvided valuesCorrect reading
A probabilityProbability : 0.05 · Percentile : Unspecified0.05 means a 5% estimated probability of observed exploitation within the model horizon, rather than an estate compromise rate.
Probability and rankProbability : 0.02 · Percentile : 0.97In this fictional example 0.02 means 2%, while 0.97 places the score at the 97th percentile. The rank does not turn a 2% probability into 97%.
No received valueProbability : Unspecified · Percentile : UnspecifiedMissing data remains unknown; it is neither zero nor evidence of no exploitation. Record the failure or the date of the last available value.

Seven useful readings of the KEV schema

The official CISA repository schema describes the catalogue and its entries. The following selection helps retain consultation context rather than enumerate every field. Match each entry to the supplier advisory and actual asset.

Seven useful readings of the KEV schema
FieldsMeaningProposed check
catalogVersion / dateReleasedCatalogue version and publication time.Keep a reference to the consulted edition; distinguish publication time from your assessment time.
cveID / vendorProject / productIdentifier and product associated with the entry.Match name, version, distribution and embedded components before declaring an asset affected.
dateAddedDate the vulnerability entered the catalogue.Do not present it as the first exploitation date or CVE publication date.
requiredActionRequested action to address the vulnerability.Read the complete instruction and supplier references, then document local implementation.
dueDateCatalogue deadline for the requested action.Check the context and scope of the CISA instruction before adopting it as a local deadline.
knownRansomwareCampaignUseKnown indicates confirmed ransomware campaign use; Unknown means CISA lacks confirmation.Do not translate Unknown into never used or a definite false value.
cwesWeakness category codes associated with the entry.Use categories to group causes; they do not replace the CVE identifier or affected version.

Six fictional situations: what is missing before a decision?

High severity, product not located

An advisory reports high severity; the inventory cannot locate that version in the estate.

Confirm presence and version with the owner, including embedded dependencies.

Retain applicability unknown. Absence from an incomplete inventory does not justify closure.

Known exploitation, exposed instance

The vulnerability is listed as known to be exploited and an owner confirms an affected internet-accessible instance.

Review supplier actions and arrange exposure reduction and remediation suited to the service.

Name the owner, interim control and expected verification evidence; a severity score alone supplies none of this traceability.

Low probability, essential service

The fictional EPSS probability is low, but the affected instance supports an essential service.

Assess consequences and access paths before agreeing a change window.

Do not treat a low score as insurance; that instance’s controls are not contextual inputs to EPSS.

VEX for another version

The supplier declares version 2.4.0 not affected; the asset still runs 2.3.0.

Seek an assertion applicable to the installed version and verify its provenance.

Do not extend a conclusion across versions. A VEX document deploys no update.

Temporary control becomes permanent

A temporary rule reduces access; its review date has passed.

Check that it still protects the relevant path, then decide whether to maintain it or apply the fix.

Keep the owner, limits and a new review date. A perimeter control is not automatically an OpenVEX built-in product mitigation.

Patch announced, deployment unverified

A fixed release is available, but the ticket contains only a download link.

Check the version actually deployed, remaining instances and critical functionality.

Close on implementation and verification evidence, rather than the supplier’s availability of a patch.

Eight records for a traceable remediation decision

  • Product, version or build, environment and asset owner.
  • Vulnerability identifier, supplier advisory and relevant exploitation conditions.
  • CVSS version, vector, metric-group nomenclature and assessment author.
  • EPSS date, probability and percentile in separate fields, or an explicit missing value.
  • Dated KEV status, requested action and consulted catalogue edition.
  • Applicable VEX assertion: issuer, product, version, time and any justification.
  • Reasoned local decision, interim control, owner and review date.
  • Deployment or mitigation evidence, verification result and remaining limits.

Read VEX statuses and applicability conditions →

Primary sources and scope

Sources checked on

Build signatures and provenance

Verify patch origin and then its application

A fixed version needs connecting to the received package and updated instance. Provenance verification helps establish expected origin; remediation confirmation still requires checking the active version and relevant behaviour.

  • Keep the accepted patch digest and signature/provenance verification results.
  • Match that package to the version actually deployed on each targeted instance.
  • Do not close on authenticity alone: document remediation checks, regressions and remaining limits.

Read the pre-deployment provenance reference →

Sources checked on · SLSA 1.2 · Build: Verifying artifacts · SLSA 1.2 · Build: Provenance · SLSA 1.2 · Build: Track Basics · in-toto · Statement v1 · Sigstore · Verifying Signatures

Explore the CISA KEV catalogue

KEV is CISA’s catalogue of vulnerabilities known to be exploited. This explorer contains a complete dated snapshot, not a live feed. A CVE or product-name match is a lead to compare with the exact deployed product and version; it does not prove that a visitor’s system is vulnerable or compromised.

Entry names, products, descriptions, required actions and links retain CISA’s language and values. Explanations are editorial. Entries may be added or corrected after this snapshot; consult the official source before an operational decision.

Entries
1769
Distinct vendor/project labels
291
Catalogue release date

Counters describe this snapshot only. They do not measure attack counts, vulnerability prevalence or an organisation’s risk. Distinct vendorProject labels are counted exactly as published, without merging aliases or treating them as distinct companies.

Unknown means CISA lacks confirmation of use in a ransomware campaign; it does not mean no exploitation. forensicTriage Yes/No is a separate field described by the schema with a reference to BOD 26-04. An absent field stays unreported. Neither No nor Unknown demonstrates that your asset has not been compromised.

dueDate is the deadline published in the CISA entry for the stated action. It is not a universal SLA, a patch release date or evidence that a patch was installed. The forensicTriage field alone cannot determine your obligations or define an investigation plan.

Six readings that prevent a misleading priority

Six readings that prevent a misleading priority
Published fieldUseful readingConclusion to avoid
cveIDJoin sources discussing the same vulnerability.The identifier year does not date KEV inclusion.
vendorProject · productFind the vendor advisory and local inventory.A product name does not replace affected versions and configurations.
dateAddedDate the entry’s inclusion in this catalogue.Do not call it discovery or first-exploitation date.
dueDate · requiredActionRead the published action and deadline together.Do not turn the date into a universal obligation or proof of remediation.
knownRansomwareCampaignUsePreserve Known, Unknown or an absent field.Unknown is not No and does not remove the known exploitation signal underlying KEV.
forensicTriage · cwesSeparate CISA’s indicator from published weakness classes.A CWE is not a specific product or score; No is not a certificate that no incident occurred.

Catalogue additions by year

Catalogue additions by yearEach bar counts entries retained in this snapshot by the year of dateAdded. It is not a discovery year or an exploitation frequency. The first year starts at this snapshot’s earliest entry and the release year is incomplete; these totals are not an annual attack trend.311202155520221872023186202424520252852026
Each bar counts entries retained in this snapshot by the year of dateAdded. It is not a discovery year or an exploitation frequency. The first year starts at this snapshot’s earliest entry and the release year is incomplete; these totals are not an annual attack trend.
Catalogue additions by year · dateAdded
Year addedEntries
2021311
2022555
2023187
2024186
2025245
2026285

Results : 1769 / 1769 · Page 33 / 71

Explore the CISA KEV catalogue · 2026.11.06
CVEVendor or project · productDate added / Entry due dateUse in ransomware campaigns / forensicTriage
CVE-2022-31199

CWE-502, CWE-122

Netwrix

Auditor

Entry and action published by CISA

Netwrix Auditor Insecure Object Deserialization Vulnerability

Netwrix Auditor User Activity Video Recording component contains an insecure objection deserialization vulnerability that allows an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute code as the NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM user. Successful exploitation requires that the attacker is able to reach port 9004/TCP, which is commonly blocked by standard enterprise firewalling.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
Patch application requires login to customer portal: https://security.netwrix.com/Account/SignIn?ReturnUrl=%2FAdvisories%2FADV-2022-003; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31199

security.netwrix.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Known
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-32046

Microsoft

Windows

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Windows MSHTML Platform Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Microsoft Windows MSHTML Platform contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2023-32046; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32046

msrc.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-32049

Microsoft

Windows

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Windows Defender SmartScreen Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability

Microsoft Windows Defender SmartScreen contains a security feature bypass vulnerability that allows an attacker to bypass the Open File - Security Warning prompt.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2023-32049; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32049

msrc.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-35311

CWE-367

Microsoft

Outlook

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Outlook Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability

Microsoft Outlook contains a security feature bypass vulnerability that allows an attacker to bypass the Microsoft Outlook Security Notice prompt.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2023-35311; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-35311

msrc.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-36874

CWE-59

Microsoft

Windows

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Windows Error Reporting Service Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Microsoft Windows Error Reporting Service contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2023-36874; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36874

msrc.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-29256

CWE-416

Arm

Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Entry and action published by CISA

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability that may allow a non-privileged user to gain root privilege and/or disclose information.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://developer.arm.com/Arm%20Security%20Center/Mali%20GPU%20Driver%20Vulnerabilities; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29256

developer.arm.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2019-17621

CWE-78

D-Link

DIR-859 Router

Entry and action published by CISA

D-Link DIR-859 Router Command Execution Vulnerability

D-Link DIR-859 router contains a command execution vulnerability in the UPnP endpoint URL, /gena.cgi. Exploitation allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to execute system commands as root by sending a specially crafted HTTP SUBSCRIBE request to the UPnP service when connecting to the local network.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10147; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-17621

supportannouncement.us.dlink.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2019-20500

CWE-78

D-Link

DWL-2600AP Access Point

Entry and action published by CISA

D-Link DWL-2600AP Access Point Command Injection Vulnerability

D-Link DWL-2600AP access point contains an authenticated command injection vulnerability via the Save Configuration functionality in the Web interface, using shell metacharacters in the admin.cgi?action=config_save configBackup or downloadServerip parameter.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable.
notes
https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10113; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-20500

supportannouncement.us.dlink.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-25371

CWE-912

Samsung

Mobile Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Samsung Mobile Devices Unspecified Vulnerability

Samsung mobile devices contain an unspecified vulnerability within DSP driver that allows attackers to load ELF libraries inside DSP.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable
notes
https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2021&month=3; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25371

security.samsungmobile.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-25372

CWE-787

Samsung

Mobile Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Samsung Mobile Devices Improper Boundary Check Vulnerability

Samsung mobile devices contain an improper boundary check vulnerability within DSP driver that allows for out-of-bounds memory access.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable
notes
https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2021&month=3; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25372

security.samsungmobile.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-25394

CWE-416

Samsung

Mobile Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Samsung Mobile Devices Race Condition Vulnerability

Samsung mobile devices contain a race condition vulnerability within the MFC charger driver that leads to a use-after-free allowing for a write given a radio privilege is compromised.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable
notes
https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2021&month=5; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25394

security.samsungmobile.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-25395

CWE-362

Samsung

Mobile Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Samsung Mobile Devices Race Condition Vulnerability

Samsung mobile devices contain a race condition vulnerability within the MFC charger driver that leads to a use-after-free allowing for a write given a radio privilege is compromised.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable
notes
https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2021&month=5; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25395

security.samsungmobile.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-25487

CWE-125

Samsung

Mobile Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Samsung Mobile Devices Out-of-Bounds Read Vulnerability

Samsung mobile devices contain an out-of-bounds read vulnerability within the modem interface driver due to a lack of boundary checking of a buffer in set_skb_priv(), leading to remote code execution by dereference of an invalid function pointer.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable
notes
https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2021&month=10; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25487

security.samsungmobile.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-25489

CWE-20

Samsung

Mobile Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Samsung Mobile Devices Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

Samsung mobile devices contain an improper input validation vulnerability within the modem interface driver that results in a format string bug leading to kernel panic.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if updates are unavailable
notes
https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2021&month=10; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25489

security.samsungmobile.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-20867

CWE-287

VMware

Tools

Entry and action published by CISA

VMware Tools Authentication Bypass Vulnerability

VMware Tools contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the vgauth module. A fully compromised ESXi host can force VMware Tools to fail to authenticate host-to-guest operations, impacting the confidentiality and integrity of the guest virtual machine. An attacker must have root access over ESXi to exploit this vulnerability.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0013.html; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20867

www.vmware.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-27992

CWE-78

Zyxel

Multiple Network-Attached Storage (NAS) Devices

Entry and action published by CISA

Zyxel Multiple NAS Devices Command Injection Vulnerability

Multiple Zyxel network-attached storage (NAS) devices contain a pre-authentication command injection vulnerability that could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute commands remotely via a crafted HTTP request.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.zyxel.com/global/en/support/security-advisories/zyxel-security-advisory-for-pre-authentication-command-injection-vulnerability-in-nas-products; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27992

www.zyxel.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-32434

CWE-190

Apple

Multiple Products

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple Multiple Products Integer Overflow Vulnerability

Apple iOS. iPadOS, macOS, and watchOS contain an integer overflow vulnerability that could allow an application to execute code with kernel privileges.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213808, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213812, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213809, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213810, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213813, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213811, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213814; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32434

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-32435

CWE-787

Apple

Multiple Products

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple Multiple Products WebKit Memory Corruption Vulnerability

Apple iOS, iPadOS, macOS, and Safari WebKit contain a memory corruption vulnerability that leads to code execution when processing maliciously crafted web content. This vulnerability could impact HTML parsers that use WebKit, including but not limited to Apple Safari and non-Apple products which rely on WebKit for HTML processing.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213670, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213671, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213676, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213811; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32435

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-32439

CWE-843

Apple

Multiple Products

Entry and action published by CISA

Apple Multiple Products WebKit Type Confusion Vulnerability

Apple iOS, iPadOS, macOS, and Safari WebKit contain a type confusion vulnerability that leads to code execution when processing maliciously crafted web content. This vulnerability could impact HTML parsers that use WebKit, including but not limited to Apple Safari and non-Apple products which rely on WebKit for HTML processing.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213813, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213811, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213814, https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213816; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32439

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

support.apple.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2016-0165

CWE-264

Microsoft

Win32k

Entry and action published by CISA

Microsoft Win32k Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Microsoft Win32k contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2016/ms16-039; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-0165

learn.microsoft.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2016-9079

CWE-416

Mozilla

Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird

Entry and action published by CISA

Mozilla Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Mozilla Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird contain a use-after-free vulnerability in SVG Animation, targeting Firefox and Tor browser users on Windows.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2016-92/#CVE-2016-9079; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-9079

www.mozilla.org ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2020-12641

CWE-78

Roundcube

Roundcube Webmail

Entry and action published by CISA

Roundcube Webmail Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Roundcube Webmail contains an remote code execution vulnerability that allows attackers to execute code via shell metacharacters in a configuration setting for im_convert_path or im_identify_path.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://roundcube.net/news/2020/04/29/security-updates-1.4.4-1.3.11-and-1.2.10; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-12641

roundcube.net ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2020-35730

CWE-79

Roundcube

Roundcube Webmail

Entry and action published by CISA

Roundcube Webmail Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability

Roundcube Webmail contains a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability that allows an attacker to send a plain text e-mail message with Javascript in a link reference element that is mishandled by linkref_addinindex in rcube_string_replacer.php.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://roundcube.net/news/2020/12/27/security-updates-1.4.10-1.3.16-and-1.2.13; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35730

roundcube.net ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2021-44026

CWE-89

Roundcube

Roundcube Webmail

Entry and action published by CISA

Roundcube Webmail SQL Injection Vulnerability

Roundcube Webmail is vulnerable to SQL injection via search or search_params.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://roundcube.net/news/2021/11/12/security-updates-1.4.12-and-1.3.17-released; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-44026

roundcube.net ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No
CVE-2023-20887

CWE-77

VMware

Aria Operations for Networks

Entry and action published by CISA

Vmware Aria Operations for Networks Command Injection Vulnerability

VMware Aria Operations for Networks (formerly vRealize Network Insight) contains a command injection vulnerability that allows a malicious actor with network access to perform an attack resulting in remote code execution.

requiredAction
Apply updates per vendor instructions.
notes
https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0012.html; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20887

www.vmware.com ↗

nvd.nist.gov ↗

dateAdded
dueDate
knownRansomwareCampaignUse
Unknown
forensicTriage
No

An old identifier can enter the catalogue recently

CVE-2015-5477, associated with ISC BIND in this snapshot, has identifier year 2015 and dateAdded 8 October 2026. These dates answer different questions. The entry calls for following vendor instructions; it does not establish your BIND version, exposure or installation of a fix.

From a public signal to a documented decision

  1. Qualify the match

    Keep the CVE, source and date, then establish product, version, embedded component and exposure. An SBOM may locate a component without proving its runtime condition.

  2. Read the action at its source

    Open the vendor advisory and updates. Separate updating, mitigation, discontinuing a product and searching for compromise evidence; a patch does not replace these other decisions.

  3. Document the change

    Assign an owner, prepare rollback and verify dependencies. A mitigation remains a scoped measure with an explicit validity period.

  4. Verify the resulting state

    Retain an observed version, checked configuration and service test. Closing a task needs evidence concerning the actual asset, beyond a console status.

Source release : · Documentary review :

CISA KEV data reused under CC0 1.0. Reuse implies no CISA affiliation or endorsement and grants no right to use the CISA logo or DHS seal.

Reference details · CISA KEV

How we publish this official snapshot

The copy is identified by its catalogue version, dateReleased, official mirror commit and source-file digest. CISA publication, GitHub synchronisation and our review are distinct events. Aggregates are computed from the retained entries; no visitor inventory collection or vulnerability scan takes place.

catalogVersion
2026.11.06
dateReleased
GitHub commit
e5b3a9b25050a8da26c96266c5bfe438ee0bdebc ·
SHA-256
47e0406b2be5a40420eff66f3d90e83eb8883dae6ff4d08e1b2a942c366f6cc2

Counters describe this snapshot only. They do not measure attack counts, vulnerability prevalence or an organisation’s risk. Distinct vendorProject labels are counted exactly as published, without merging aliases or treating them as distinct companies.

Explore the catalogue and method →

Source release : · Documentary review :

CISA KEV data reused under CC0 1.0. Reuse implies no CISA affiliation or endorsement and grants no right to use the CISA logo or DHS seal.

Official references

References consulted: . The method and worksheet propose checks to adapt to your context; they do not constitute certification.